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What
lymphoma Lymphoma is a cancer that originates from the lymph glands, or cells contained in the tissues (present throughout the body) that has the function of defend the body against external agents and disease.
not a single disease but a heterogeneous group with different characteristics and clinical history.



NHL





How widespread non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that can arise from the lymph glands, but also outside of them, in 30 percent of cases, this disease can occur in various organs such as stomach, intestines, skin and central nervous system.

non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers typical of adulthood: the possibility of illness increases with age. However, there are cases in children and youth.

The incidence is increasing in various parts of the world, following the diagnostic advances and the spread of AIDS, which is a major cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.



Who is at risk The risk factors of this disease are not known with certainty. There are factors predisponenti e causali quali le immunodeficienze, le malattie autoimmuni, alcuni agenti infettivi, chimici e fisici.
L’AIDS (la sindrome da immunodeficienza acquisita, causata dal virus HIV) e le immunodeficienze congenite che sono anche causa di deficit del sistema immunitario rivestono una notevole importanza. Tra le malattie autoimmuni la tiroidite di Hashimoto e la malattia celiaca si possono talvolta associare con linfomi a partenza rispettivamente dalla tiroide o dall’intestino.
È presente talvolta un’associazione con l’infezione da virus di Epstein-Barr (il quale fa parte della famiglia degli herpesvirus) che è l’agente responsabile della mononucleosi infettiva.

Accanto al fumo di sigaretta, some chemicals (for example, some hair dye or certain types of pesticides and solvents), when taken in massive quantities, such as professional use, are suspected of promoting the process of tumor development.




Types
In the past there were many classification systems that used different criteria to identify the different types of lymphoma. All these classifications were based on morphological criteria, namely the appearance that the tumor cells when examined microscopically. In recent years, with the advent of more sophisticated methods of investigation, such as immunohistochemistry and molecular biology, was proposed REAL classification (Revised European American Lymphoma) and then a new classification sponsored by the World Health Organization.
is generally characterized lymphomas arising from B lymphocytes (up to 90 percent of cases) from those derived from T lymphocytes, each category is divided in turn into several subgroups.

In general, cancer cells are more active, the greater their wickedness, since they are able to multiply faster. Another very important aspect to consider is the type of alteration caused by malignant cells in the lymph node: if the infiltration is localized only in some areas (such as in follicular lymphoma), the tumor is usually a slower pace than in cases with diffuse infiltration, which indicates more advanced disease or more rapid evolution. There are some exceptions to these rules.
With the techniques of molecular biology, finally, you can explore more deeply the genetic heritage and the molecules expressed on the surface of individual cells, which are also an important indicator of malignancy.




Symptoms
lymphoma typically begins with a swollen lymph glands, located for example in one or more superficial lymph nodes (neck, armpits and groin), but in one third of cases may be affected the upper digestive tract, intestine, bone marrow, central nervous system or skin. In these cases it is not possible to identify the disease with a simple touch.
The swollen lymph nodes is almost always painless.
There can be spread from their place of origin to other lymph nodes and finally to the spleen, liver and bone marrow, and the dissemination of tumor cells may also occur in blood with a framework similar to that of leukemia.
fever, night sweats and weight loss occur less frequently (10-15 percent) compared with Hodgkin's disease, and represent an indirect sign of advanced disease.